The largest group of classification is Kingdom. There are 5 kingdoms and they are: Animal, Plant, Fungus, Prokaryote and Protoctist.
Cells of all living organisms contain:
- cytoplasm, cell membrane and DNA as genetic material
- ribosomes - for protein synthesis
- enzymes - involved in respiration
Here are all the groups of living things we will need to know!
Attn!: Viruses are NOT true living things!
The main differences in the 5 kingdoms are:
[for more information on the kingdoms, please click here]
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1. Kingdom: Animal
Please follow these links for more details on Phylum Vertebrates and Phylum Arthropods.
[There are other groups of invertebrates (Annelids, Nematodes and Molluscs) which don't seem to be listed on the 2022 syllabus, but if you're interested, please click here]
The 2 main groups we'll focus on within this kingdom are flowering plants and ferns.
A) Flowering plants
- multicellular, with cellulose cell walls and sap vacuoles
- roots, stems, leaves
- sexual reproduction via seeds; asexual reproduction possible
- 2 groups: monocotyledons and dicotyledons
[for more on plants, click here]
B) Ferns
- roots stems, leaves
- stems below ground called rhizome
- stems and leaves have sieve tubes and water-conducting cells
- NO buds! young leaves unwind from tight coils
- reproduction:
- produce gametes, but NO seeds
- gametes --> zygote --> fern plant
- fern plant have sporangia (spore capsules) that produce single-celled spores on the lower side of the leaves
3. Kingdom: Fungus
[The syllabus doesn't really specify much for fungi, but if you're interested, check 'em out with this link]
4. Kingdom: Prokaryotes (bacteria)
[The syllabus doesn't really specify much for prokaryotes either, but feel free to check 'em out with this link]
5. Kingdom: Protoctist
The syllabus ain't showing much love for these guys either :( There's also nothing to click, which is OK because you're probably tired of clicking by now, so here are some diagrams to look at :)
Viruses
Viruses are their own peculiar breed and are NOT true living things!
Key features:
- very small (100 times smaller than bacteria)
- no typical cell structure
- contain a strand of DNA or RNA
- surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
- only sign of life is reproduction (in host cells)
[more on viruses: click here for the o.g. post]
For more past paper questions, click here.
Phew! This was a real long section but look! you've made it to the end so congrats :)
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