Physics - handwritten notes (Coordinated Sciences 0654)

Here are the handwritten notes for Physics 2022 from the CIE IGCSE syllabus for Coordinated Sciences 0654. Similar to the Chemistry notes, you can download these notes chapter-by-chapter by hovering over the upper right-hand corner of each pdf and following its link. 

Let me know if there's anything else you need that could aid your studies.

Enjoy!

Chemistry - handwritten notes (Coordinated Sciences 0654)

Here are handwritten Chemistry notes for the IGCSE CIE 2022 syllabus (Coordinated Sciences). They can be downloaded in full or by chapter. 

You can download each chapter by following the link on the right upper corner of each pdf file. I've been creating these notes to tutor students preparing for the exam, and will upload more chapters as I continue completing them.

Be sure to let me know if there is anything you need to aid your studies!

6.3. Mineral requirements of plants

 

Nitrate ion and magnesium are essential minerals for plant growth.

Plants need:

• nitrate ions (NO3−) for making amino acids
• magnesium ions (Mg2+) for making chlorophyll

6.2. Leaf structure

 

The leaf is a complex structure that is highly specialized and adapted for photosynthesis!

6.1.3. Glasshouse systems

 

Glasshouses are used in some countries to control conditions for plant growth, especially when the local outside environment isn't ideal for plants. 

Glass traps heat, and inside glasshouses, atmospheric conditions can be controlled.

6.1.2. Investigations for photosynthesis - chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide

 

Variables tested: chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide

We use each variable as a limiting factor, which limits the amount of glucose made (product). Some of the glucose is converted into starch. 

We determine the necessity of the variable by conducting a starch test to see how much starch was made.

6.1.1. Photosynthesis: principles and limiting factors

Photosynthesis is:

• the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials 
• using energy from light

5.1. Enzymes

Many chemical reactions in living things are helped along by enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts.

A catalyst = a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed and not used up by the reaction.

4.1. [cont] Biological molecules: DNA & Water

Biological molecules 

#4 is DNA

#5 is water

4.1. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins & Food tests

Chemical elements that make up:

• Carbohydrates: C, H, O
• Fats: C, H, O (lower O content than carbs)
• Proteins: C, H, O and N; sometimes S and P

3.3. Active transport

Active transport:

• the movement of particles through a cell membrane 
• from a region of lower concentration 
• to a region of higher concentration 
• using energy from respiration

*Attn!: this is against the concentration gradient. It is like swimming against the current of water, and therefore, requires energy.

3.2. Osmosis

Don't let the names trick you! Diffusion and osmosis operate by the exact same mechanism. 

It's just that diffusion refers to many types of molecules whereas osmosis is EXCLUSIVE to water diffusing through a partially permeable membrane.

3.1. Diffusion

 

Diffusion is the net movement* of particles 

• from a region of their higher concentration 
• to a region of their lower concentration 
• down a concentration gradient, 
• as a result of their random movement

2.3. Size of specimen

A microscope makes a specimen look larger than its actual size. You'll need to know how to calculate the magnification and actual size of the specimen.

2.2. Levels of organisation

Multicellular plants and animals contain many different types of cells. Each type of cell is designed for a particular function.


Levels of organisation: cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ system --> organism

2.1. Cell structure and organisation

Most living things are made up of cells that act as building blocks of an organism. Cell shape varies based on its function.

Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells.

1.4. Dichotomous keys

Keys are used by biologists in the process of identifying organisms.

'Dichotomous' = branching (dividing) into two. 

1.3. Features of organisms

 

The largest group of classification is Kingdom. There are 5 kingdoms and they are: Animal, Plant, Fungus, Prokaryote and Protoctist.

1.2. Concept and use of a classification system

 

Organisms can be classified into groups based on the features they share.

Shared features suggest that organisms are related to each other, and so have evolutionary relationships.

1.1. Characteristics of living organisms

 

7 characteristics that distinguish living things from non-living objects are:

Nutrition, Excretion, Respiration, Sensitivity, Reproduction, Growth and Movement.