Biology Notes for IGCSE 2014 & 2024

 (0654) Coordinated Sciences 2023/2024 Subheadings and Key concepts photosynthesis investigating the need for chlorophyll light CO2 inve...

Within the vascular bundle, the xylem transports water and minerals, while the phloem transports sucrose and amino acids ( translocation ). ...

In plants, xylem vessels transport water and mineral ions from the roots upwards to the leaves. Phloem tubes transport sucrose and o...

' Source ' is the part of a plant where substances are produced  (e.g. leaves for  sucrose, amino acids)  or enter   the plant ....

People who grow crops for food sometimes need to use chemicals called   pesticides . Pests such as   insects   that eat the crop plants, or...

Translocation is the movement of organic food such sucrose and amino  acids   in phloem ; from regions of production to regions of st...

Plants which live in extreme environments have adaptations to control their transpiration rate. Most modifications are adaptations...

In the leaves,  water  molecules leave the  xylem vessels  and move from cell to cell. They move through the  spongy mesophyll  layer by ...

Water enters  root hair  cells by  osmosis . This happens when the water potential in the  soil  surrounding the root is higher than ...

Plants take in water from the soil, through their root hairs:   At the very tip is a  root cap . This is a layer of cells which ...

Root In the  roots,  xylem and phloem  are in the  centre   to withstand stretching  forces. 

Plants have transport systems to move food, water and minerals around. These systems use continuous tubes called xylem and phloem : ...